Doris Zinkeisen painted the liberation of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp

Working with the Red Cross, Doris Zinkeisen was one of the first artists to enter the notorious concentration camp after it was liberated by the British Army in 1945.

Mehzebin Adam, curator at the British Red Cross, looks at her incredible story

Last updated 10 April 2025

Doris Zinkeisen was one of the first artists to enter the infamous Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp after it was liberated on 15th April 1945.

She would have witnessed the 13,000 unburied bodies and around 60,000 inmates, most acutely sick and starving.

As an artist, she had been commissioned to record what she saw for the British public. In the years before TV cameras and 24-hour news coverage, people relied on photographs and paintings to illustrate what war was really like.

The shock of Belsen was never to be forgotten. First of all was the ghastly smell of typhus. The simply ghastly sight of skeleton bodies just flung out of the huts.

Doris’ paintings not only captured the relief work the British Red Cross carried out in Europe, but also the disturbing scenes of captivity, and the pain and suffering in Belsen.

Doris later described the horrors she witnessed:

"The shock of Belsen was never to be forgotten. First of all was the ghastly smell of typhus. The simply ghastly sight of skeleton bodies just flung out of the huts… The horror of the place had to be seen to be believed.”

From society painter to war artist

Doris offered her services as a war artist at a time when the artistic portrayal of war was very much a man’s territory.

Having shown great artistic talent from a young age, both Doris and her sister Anna were awarded scholarships to the Royal Academy Schools in Piccadilly, now the Royal Academy of Arts.

Doris soon became a highly acclaimed society portraitist, and a well-known costume and set designer. Her works include costume designs for Noel Coward and murals for the luxury ships the RMS Queen Mary and RMS Queen Elizabeth.

During the First World War, Doris volunteered as a VAD (Voluntary Aid Detachment) nurse in a hospital in Northwood, Middlesex, caring for soldiers injured on the front.

She volunteered as a VAD nurse again during the Second World War and nursed wounded survivors of air raids in St Mary’s Hospital in Paddington, London. Combining her humanitarian work with her artistic skills, Doris produced paintings to capture both the horrors of war and the work of volunteers on the home front.

The first official war artists’ scheme was set up during WWI in 1916 by the British government. While 47 men were commissioned, only four women were, and three had their work rejected.

Shortly after the Second World War started in 1939, the British government set up the War Artists Advisory Committee. Of the approximately 400 serving artists, only 52 were women. Doris was offered a short-term contract by the Committee but chose instead to submit work independently.

Towards the end of the war, she was commissioned by the Joint War Organisation of the British Red Cross and St John War Ambulance to record and reflect the work of the organisation.

Travelling around north-west Europe by lorry or air from a nearby RAF base, Doris sketched images in different places and then transformed them into oil paintings in her studio in Brussels, which had been the German headquarters during the occupation.

No doubt the horrors of war haunted Doris for some time after she finished her work in 1945. Nevertheless, she returned to theatrical design and held exhibitions of her work.

In 1946, she was widowed following the death of her husband, Edward Grahame Johnstone. She moved to Suffolk in 1966, where she lived with her twin daughters, Janet and Anne Grahame Johnstone, both of whom became renowned children’s book illustrators.

Doris died in 1991 at the age of 92, but her legacy lives on. Through her paintings, designs, and humanitarian efforts, she continues to inspire artists, historians, and all who believe in the power of creativity to document history and inspire change.

War through women's eyes

The role of women during the First and Second World Wars is often remembered as consisting of nursing and caring for injured soldiers and civilians.

However, their art shows that women’s contribution to humanitarian work during the wars went beyond this.

Although few in number, Doris Zinkeisen and other women artists played a crucial role in portraying and interpreting war, ensuring it was not seen just through men's eyes.

They had not only the creative talents but also the strength to unflinchingly record and present the traumatic and horrific scenes of war. Many of their works still have the power to move us.

• Read more about British Red Cross work during the Second World War
• Were your relatives among the 90,000 Red Cross volunteers during the First World War?